Racism in Schools Essay

A few people assume bigotry in schools ceased to exist quite a while back. This announcement couldn’t be all the more off-base. Bigotry in the learning condition is more clear than any time in recent memory, and it should be halted in light of the fact that it influences the manner in which understudies learn and their prosperity. There are numerous accounts and occurrences where separation has happened and the impacts they have had on understudies. Take the workmanship instructor from Chicago for instance. During class one day, a few understudies spilled paint on the teacher’s coat. She turned out to be extremely furious and said,†? all Mexicans are hoodlums, and you were destined to scour floors† The instructor was legitimately terminated from her activity. It was chosen by the Board of Education in Chicago that all the instructors should experience â€Å"sensitivity training†. They don’t need to figure out how to be touchy, what educators need to know is to acknowledge everybody as equivalent. There can be no separation in schools on the grounds that is disturbs the learning condition. There are numerous accounts and records of bigotry in schools against African Americans. They go from the seemingly insignificant details, for example, advising the dark kid to toss out his gum however let the white kid bite it, to moving all the dark children to the rear of the class. There is one anecdote about a white male educator who called a dark understudy â€Å"nigger†. The kid was strolling into the English class one day, and the educator advised him to â€Å"sit down nigga! † The instructor asserts that since he hears the understudies calling each other that calmly in the passages constantly, it gives him an option to likewise utilize the word. He says he utilized the term â€Å"nigga† rather than â€Å"nigger† in light of the fact that they are two totally various words and he could never utilize â€Å"nigger† against somebody. Thusly, the instructor was terminated for racial separation. The bigotry that instructors put onto their understudies causes low desires from dark children. Since they have had such huge numbers of negative encounters in school, they come up short on the inspiration and certainty to progress nicely. It was found in a survey of exploration about educator desires that instructors hold increasingly negative mentalities about dark students’ capacity, language, conduct and potential, than they do of white students’. There are reports of dark understudies scoring lower in perusing evaluations than white understudies. This could be the reason for dark understudies not attempting in light of the fact that they are not certain about themselves. It was additionally discovered that dark children get more serious disciplines than white children for a similar offense, and they are bound to be suspended from schools. There are additionally records of minority guardians feeling that they have had more negative understanding while at the same time visiting their kids’ schools than white guardians. There are reports from the minority guardians about the control issues. Dark understudies don't hope to prevail in the instructive world since how might one appreciate it when their entire lives they have been distinguished as disgraceful and unable. Children should be instructed about prejudice and how to dodge segregation so they don't build up any predisposition considered individuals they grow up. A few schools are in any event, attempting to make bigotry and social decent variety part of their educational program. There is a ton of obliviousness encompassing African Americans, Asians, and understudies of different nationalities and children need to learn and acknowledge all individuals. Acquainting understudies with the various societies that are out there can assist them with learning better and perform better in school. They would not stress over understudies getting injured and would all have similar chances. Understudies would not be worried about disillusioning educators or accepting disciplines that are not proper. There are innumerable records of bigotry happening in schools all around the nation and the world against understudies and furthermore against educators. Alison Moore, a dark educator in London, was assaulted and thumped oblivious by three white understudies while leaving her school a year ago. There is continually going to preference individuals present in schools, yet there are approaches to work around it to help advantage the training of the understudies. Bigotry profoundly influences the manner in which understudies learn and how they will see themselves for the remainder of their lives. A student’s instructor is one of the most significant grown-up figures in one’s life, and on the off chance that there are issues in that relationship, at that point there will be issues perpetually, and no kid needs that in their life.

Cognitive Behavioral Theory Essay

Subjective social treatment (CBT) is a present moment, issue focused treatment that is utilized to address psychopathology inside the individual (Beck, 1995). This model of treatment is utilized to address issues of gloom, uneasiness, dietary problems, social issues, and medication misuse, and can be used when working with people, just as inside gathering and family modalities. The center parts of this treatment incorporate coordinated effort and support by the customer, a solid collusion among specialist and customer, and an underlying spotlight on current issues and working (Beck, 1995). The hypothesis of CBT underscores the connection between the individual’s contemplations emotions and practices, which is viewed just like the fundamental reason for psychopathology in people. In this manner, this hypothesis states that the distinguishing proof, assessment, and alteration of one’s negative contemplations will prompt an improvement in one’s disposition and practices (Beck, 1995). It is imperative to comprehend the ideas and hypothesis from which CBT is situated with the goal for it to be effectively executed in restorative work with people, gatherings, or families. While CBT is utilized to treat mental disarranges, this hypothesis can be inspected by taking a gander at the contemplations, emotions, and practices of individual’s with a nonappearance of psychopathology. Beck (1979) and Beck (1995) present the intellectual model so as to clarify the hypothesis of CBT. The psychological model shows that the feelings that an individual encounters and the practices that they display are a consequence of their view of a circumstance or occasion (Beck, 1995). When in some random circumstance, an individual’s prompt idea reaction is their programmed idea (Beck, 1995). These contemplations are a prompt assessment of the circumstance, which thus legitimately impact the inclination that an individual has about the circumstance. Programmed musings are experienced by everybody and happen in the individual’s mind before thinking. These contemplations happen quickly and generally the individual might be unconscious that they have happened, being increasingly attentive of the feeling that they are feeling at the time (Beck, 1995). When a programmed idea happens inside the individual, it triggers an inclination, which thus triggers the individual’s reaction, for example, a conduct as well as physiological reaction. For instance, after a small kid starts to get his squares to be taken care of, his mom rubs him on the back and gives him acclaim for his activities. His programmed idea might be, â€Å"I am acceptable when I set aside blocks,† setting off a sentiment of certainty, an expanded degree of physical vitality, and the conduct of taking care of the rest of the squares. Programmed considerations can be unbiased, positive, or negative. We as a whole have our own programmed considerations as we travel as the day progressed to-day lives and associate with others. Concerning people with mental disarranges, the subjective model ganders at how pessimistic musings impact the individual’s emotions and practices (Beck, 1995). From a CBT focal point, it is the negative programmed contemplations that an individual has that propagate side effects of mental issue, the event of negative disposition, awkward physiological reactions, and maladaptive or unseemly practices (Beck, 1995). While we as a whole have snapshots of encountering negative programmed contemplations, for those with mental disarranges, and increasingly inescapable troubles in living, negative musings are frequently knowledgeable about circumstances that are impartial, creating negative sentiments that lead to maladaptive practices or reactions that would not commonly be normal from the nonpartisan circumstance (Beck, 1995). Aaron Beck presents hypothesis of the psychological model of how sorrow is established and sustained in people because of the connection between contrary programmed considerations, sentiments, and social reaction. In this conversation, melancholy is conceptualized as far as the subjective ternion, which portrays three parts of negative thinking about the discouraged individual: the individual’s negative perspective on self, their negative perspective on the others and the world, and their negative perspective on the future (Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery, 1979). The psychological group of three is kept up by means of the rest of the segments of Beck’s intellectual model of melancholy, the individual’s patterns, or center convictions, and the usage of defective reasoning, or subjective mistakes (Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery, 1979). Intellectual hypothesis states that our programmed considerations are established in our center conviction framework or subjective mappings. Center convictions start to be grown right off the bat throughout everyday life and depend on encounters that the individual has for a mind-blowing duration. Since these convictions are so grounded in how the individual perspectives their life, others, and the world, and start to be developed so right off the bat being developed, they become a central part of the person, who believes them to be total facts (Beck, 1995). Center convictions are profoundly established in an individual, to such an extent that the individual might be uninformed of the conviction and how it impacts their considerations about themselves and the world. Every conviction can have fluctuating degrees of quality inside an individual’s everyday life, with some center convictions remaining predominately torpid and just being enacted in specific circumstances, while others might be much of the time present in an individual’s musings (Beck, 1995). It is the individual’s psychological patterns that takes into consideration the order and assessment of various encounters or circumstances (Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery, 1979). The center conviction framework keeps up the way an individual encounters and considers a given circumstance (Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery, 1979). While everybody conceptualizes a given circumstance in their own specific manner, every individual regularly conceptualizes comparable circumstances along these lines dependent on their own center convictions (Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery, 1979). Inside a lot of comparative circumstances, the individual’s center convictions trigger programmed musings, which thusly trigger the individual’s passionate and social reaction. After some time, the individual’s reactions to comparative circumstances become increasingly reliable, in this manner making the improvement of a standard reaction these sorts of circumstances. As this reliably happens, the diagram associated with specific sort of occasion is additionally evolved and the individual’s statement that the conviction holds essential truth is fortified (Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery, 1979). Beck’s hypothesis basic CBT centers around the possibility that side effects of gloom, just as those of other mental issue, are created and kept up through to the individual’s negative center convictions and activated negative musings. Notwithstanding the individual’s negative blueprints, Beck’s hypothesis expresses that the intellectual group of three of negative comprehensions of self, others, and future is additionally sustained through examples of flawed reasoning (Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery, 1979). There are an assortment of broken reasoning systems that are utilized by individual’s to help their programmed musings and center convictions, even considering conflicting proof (Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery, 1979). This kind of reasoning can be portrayed as naming, over summing up, personalization, enthusiastic thinking, amplification or minimization, and win big or bust or impetrative reasoning (Beck, 1995). These subjective blunders are regularly outrageous and unreasonable manners by which the individual surveys and reaches determinations with respect to their issues, which is then used to additionally bolster their negative conviction framework and programmed considerations. CBT hypothesis proclaims that the individual can figure out how to recognize their programmed contemplations, in this way making a road for changing the feelings, practices, and mental reactions to different circumstances. While using CBT with a customer, it is important for the specialist to conceptualize the individual’s introducing issues from the point of view of the psychological model (Beck, 1995). This should be possible through crafted by social event data in regards to the individual’s current issues, analysis, and how the issues have been created and kept up. As this data is gathered, the CBT specialist starts to survey and recognize the off base and unhelpful contemplations associated with the issues, and the practices that are shown because of this reasoning (Beck, 1995). As this is done, the specialist would then be able to start to direct the person to distinguish, look at, and address or alter the adverse programmed contemplations, hidden center convictions, and defective reasoning components that have supported the introducing issues (Beck, 1995).

Enterprise Resource Planning Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Venture Resource Planning - Coursework Example Meanwhile the absolute best ERP merchants appear and give a guide on the most proficient method to progress their customers from their present business practice to the business best practice and administrative agreeable procedures. It ought to be noticed that it would be to the greatest advantage of most ERP merchants to expand the hour of a usage since it essentially implies a more extended commitment which would guarantee a consistent income for the ERP seller. It ought to likewise be noticed that most customer organizations consider their procedure truly outstanding if not the best procedure in the business and that most workers or even directors and pioneers of the organization’s safe place lies in their own inheritance forms. The last two sentences are contrarily relative to the length of commitment of the ERP merchants relying upon the gathering to which they have a place (great, excellent, better or the best). It is accordingly vital to consider that it would be to the greatest advantage of the ERP merchant to expand their commitment with a specific customer. There are a few contemplations in actualizing ERP in an organization, this would incorporate cultural assimilation and absorption of ERP bolstered forms and the coordination and utilization of the ERP in the ordinary exercises of the organization. In this way, ERP isn't just actualizing applications after application it additionally incorporate change the board from the corporate social level. The cultural assimilation and submersion of the ERP into the way of life of the organization is considered the most strong basic achievement factor for any ERP execution and leaving this duty to merchants may not be a decent business choice.. An ERP execution ought not be considered as an IT anticipate but instead a venture including the whole association to guarantee its prosperity. All Business Process Owners and Subject Matter Experts in the association ought not exclusively be tapped as an asset but instead they ought to be the lead engineer in characterizing the extension or blue print of the whole organization’s forms and their between connection with one another. The ERP merchant as far as concerns its ought to have the option to characterize and give a point by point map on the most proficient method to give answers for the holes found between what is given by the ERP arrangement and the blue printed business forms. During the acknowledgment phase of the ERP venture or the phase where the vast majority of the improvement of the answers for the holes are settled, broad testing of genuine information ought to be finished by the topic specialists and the clients themselves. During information movement real retrofitting of the information ought not exclusively be accurate yet their ensuing application to the framework and the yield that ought to be gotten from them ought to be entirely smoothed out. Preparing ought not be limited on the most proficient method to utilize the framework yet the preparation ought to likewise cover how to determine clashes. The preparation should cover zones and subject that would empower the customer to act naturally supporting and independent. Go live and backing ought to incorporate pressure testing and procedure exemption taking care of to guarantee that in any event, during the most laborious clash the whole ability group of the customer would have the option to determine and give answer for the contention if not a transitory work around. Given the abovementioned, ERP customers or potential customers ought not let ERP merchants characterize their necessities for them, while the ERP seller can be counseled on what is the business standard as executed in the ERP arrangement their

The Perceptive Fox free essay sample

The world I have risen up out of is equivalent to that of the energetic and shrewd fox, which knows its limits and crosses them with alert and insight. Many would think that its unusual that I would delineate myself as having the humble and abhorrent personality that the lady in related with; in any case, the condition the fox stays in has brought the it stunning characteristics that individuals have tricked from, including autonomy, collaboration, and tirelessness. The world the fox stirs to is desolate; being a rebel from the canine species, a fox doesn't trust to packs or base it’s endurance on some other person. Such freedom is practically equivalent to the satisfaction I feel when I am ready to achieve assignments by own legitimacy. In my very own life, I have not had the option to depend on my family to guarantee my endurance, in light of the fact that my mom succumbed to a liquor compulsion during my first year of secondary school. We will compose a custom article test on The Perceptive Fox or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Be that as it may, similar to the fox, I don't see this autonomous way of life as a solemn presence; rather, a chance to thrive and apply what I have figured out how to my future. Anxious to hold onto the job needing to be done, the fox is eager to invest heavily in its own capacities to outmaneuver its opposition. In like manner, I trust in my own capacities and knowledge to lead me well beyond the necessities of a goal. Subsequently, similar to the free fox, I have figured out how to trust in my own capacities and endeavor to obtain accomplishment all alone. Despite the fact that the woodland is a forlorn spot and the fox invests heavily in achieving its own objectives, it additionally values connections on an individual level. Eyewitnesses sufficiently fortunate to contemplate the universe of the fox have discovered that foxes are a portion of the main creatures that â€Å"date† their mates. Fox couples have been seen meandering the woods playing and chasing together. Like the fox, I trust in my own capacities, I additionally discover satisfaction in working in gatherings and drawing out the best characteristics in others. I have found in my life, that for quite a while I had separated myself; like the singular fox. By creating social aptitudes and freeing myself up to my cohorts, I discovered incredible solace in helping other people and permitting others to support me. The powerlessness to rely upon my family, has instructed me that individual connections are significant; subsequently, I will hold onto any offered chance to bec ome more acquainted with my companions and associates on an individual level. My longing to grow cozy connections and capacity to draw out the best characteristics of others are what will lead me to at my college and in my future vocation as a specialist. Foxes are usually known for their stealing of chickens and capacity to escape from traps. Despite the fact that the way to the farmer’s chicken coop drives the fox into the eyes of the tracker, it sees the risk and gets anxious to outmaneuver its adversary. This is equivalent to my craving to take a stab at more significant standards and my capacity to gain from awful encounters. I have gained from my reality, that the best of dangers whenever broke down cautiously can yield the best open doors for information and development. For instance, it is a direct result of my mother’s liquor abuse that I will never drink alcohol. In like manner, I realize that if my folks have just have sought after going to a junior college, I need to take a stab at a University. The fox’s capacity to gain from watching, gain information from errors, and jump over the limits of a fence, speaks to the characteristics that will acquire achievement my life and future profession in Psychology. With the tracker continually in interest, the universe of a fox is dull and repulsive; in any case, I uncover that it is the darkest of spots where the stars sparkle most brilliant and the best dreams understand. My adoration for the fox originates from my normally keen disposition. Albeit many would see foxes as hazardous hoodlums, I see them as dauntless animals that settle on their choices dependent on their longing for endurance. I discover compassion toward even the most noticeably terrible of medication addicts and angriest of youngsters. Similarly as the fox cautiously watches a circumstance before acting, I discover satisfaction in breaking down and increasing a more profound comprehension of the individual and think about the most ideal approach to help them. My keen characteristics lead me away from judgment; rather towards perception and unprejudiced examination. My adoration for the fox originates from my normally discerning disposition. Albeit many would see foxes as hazardous criminals, I see them as dauntless animals that settle on their choices dependent on their craving for endurance. I discover compassion toward even the most exceedingly awful of medication addicts and angri est of young people. Similarly as the fox cautiously watches a circumstance before acting, I discover delight in dissecting and increasing a more profound comprehension of the individual and reflect on the most ideal approach to help them. My insightful characteristics lead me away from judgment; rather towards perception and unprejudiced investigation. I am glad for this quality since it has driven me to cozy connections, individual quietness, and has demonstrated powerful in the lives of others. Being normally thoughtful and ready to tune in to a perspective without judgment, I have discovered that individuals are normally attracted to me. Its not far-fetched for somebody that I havent conversed with for a considerable length of time to move toward me with the most profound of their issues. I accept this is on the grounds that they can detect my keen capacities and discover comfort in my recommendation. One route specifically that I had the option to rehearse this expertise was in Alateen, a care group for youngsters with alcoholic guardians. I ended up helping youngsters who had illicit drug habits, distinctive sexual inclinations, and outrage issues. Despite the fact that the world would regularly avoid these individuals I found that by really tuning in to a people perspective methods envisioning what its like to be them. At lon g last I presumed that these children werent awful individuals, rather they were denied of the assistance they required in view of their folks liquor addiction. The capacity to help individuals by tailing them into an amazing account is the thing that presents to me the most satisfaction. I find that the more individuals I am ready to help with their issues carries my own concern to rest. Because of the delight that helping other people brings me, I have chosen to seek after a profession in Psychology. Brain research will assist me with fortifying my aptitudes of observation by showing me how precisely the mind produces various perspectives. I am anxious to carry my insight to the individuals who need it and give my compassion and perspective to my friends in school.

national debate over slavery essays

national discussion over servitude papers The National Debate over Slavery in 17 - 1860 was significant. Occasions from the cotton gin, to the Dred Scott case all played a significant move in servitude and history. Here are a couple more. In June 1776 the Declaration of Independence was agreed upon. It was an announcement of explanations behind the division between Britain. The statement sited that all men are made equivalent. It implied that individuals shouldnt be decided by the shade of their skin nor their religion. All through the entire revelation, revisions have been added to make the world progressively equivalent. For instance, the fifteenth amendment conceded African American guys the option to cast a ballot, and afterward in 1920 the nineteenth amendment allowed ladies the option to cast a ballot. African Americans couldn't help in the Declaration of Independence. The three-fifths bargain was at the protected show. It called for three fifths of a states slave populace to be meant reasons for portrayal. If slaves somehow managed to be remembered for a state populace tally, the southern satiates with their numerous slaves, would go into extraordinary force in the House of Representatives. On the off chance that they were checked, southern states would be frail in the house. The African Americans still werent permitted to cast a ballot and their inclinations wouldnt be spoken to in congress. In 1793, Eli Whitney created the cotton gin. He had seen to what extent it took to clean cotton seeds from the cotton strands. The cotton gin was a machine that isolated the seeds from crude cotton filaments. Along these lines the cotton gin helped keep the southern states a place where there is subjection and of cultivating, while the northern states turned into a place where there is free work and of industry. The improvement of the cotton factory industry in the north was modest cotton which rose to free work which than rose to a tremendous benefit for the organizations. The Missouri Compromise was marked into law in 1820. It is likewise called The Compromise of 1820. It had two primary concerns. First ... <!

Health Wellbeing and Social Work Case Study Example

Health Wellbeing and Social Work Case Study Example Health Wellbeing and Social Work â€" Case Study Example > The paper “ Health Wellbeing and Social Work” is a delightful example of a case study on health science and medicine. This essay focuses solely on part A of the case study. In particular, the focus is placed on an analysis of the client’ s situation with the view of proposing appropriate mental health literacy, using a rights-based approach to support the client’ s right to safety through the development of a safety planning and suicide risk assessment. Based on the facts presented by the case, Noni has depression. She has trouble coping at home with the children and her husband. She also has trouble sleeping. In addition, she worries about the kids, she feels a terrible sense of dread in regards to her future, she has trouble thinking, making the decision and concentrating, has lost interest in her job and lastly, she has lost sex drive. Her son’ s condition is also a concern. Sadil shows signs of having Attention Deficit hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). He is hyperactive and had difficulty controlling his behaviour and staying focused. Sadil needs a range of interventions including social skills management, behaviour management and counselling. Noni needs mental health literacy to enable her to understand her son’ s ADHD condition as well as her personal experiences. Health literacy is crucial for patient management. By lacking the capacity to acquire, process and understand crucial basic mental health information, she will not be able to take care of herself and her son or make right health decisions (Kelly, Jorm and Wright, 2007) There is also a need to respond to Noni’ s experiences of domestic violence. She complains that her husband (Sid) is very aggressive and has hit her numerous times. Noni also says that Sid is “ heavy-handed” with the children. The human rights-based approach should be applied to support Noni’ s right to safety in the context of violence against women (UN Women, 2012). There is also a need for suicide risk assessment to determine whether Noni’ s mental disorder has the potential to cause hazards. In the case, Noni has experienced suicidal thoughts. However, there is no guarantee that she can harm herself and others as triggered by her psychiatric disorders. In this respect, safety plans should be developed to serve as an important adjunct to risk assessment (Pisani, Cross and Gould, 2011; Stanley and Brown, 2008). Increase Noni’ s mental health literacy to enable her to better understand her Sadil’ s, behaviour and her own experiences. Expand: In the case, Noni has literacy problems with regards to her son’ s behaviour, as she doesn’ t know that Sadil, the son, could be having ADHD as advised by the GP. Noni thinks that Sadil’ s behaviour is a result of bullying at school. Literacy problems among the parents are associated with the high risk of internalising and externalising disorders in children. This calls for mental health literacy among parents to increase their capacity to acquire, analyse and understand the basic health information on issues affecting children to enable them to make proper health decision (AHRQ, 2011). Health literacy consists of an assemblage of skills essential for individuals to respond effectively in the health care environment and in the right manner using health care information. In this case, mental health literacy would refer the knowledge and perceptions about mental disorders that help in their recognition, intervention and prevention (Berkman et al, 2006). It includes the ability to recognise mental disorders ADHD, how to seek mental health information and knowledge of the causes and the risk factors and causes of the mental disorder, treatment and attitudes that help promote relevant help (Chiarelli, 2006).

Physic 100 - Free Essay Example

Name: __________________________ Date: _____________ |1. |British civil service workers in executive positions live longer than those in clerical positions. This best illustrates the | | |value of: | |A) |emotion-focused coping. | |B) |the general adaptation syndrome. | |C) |spontaneous remission. | |D) |perceived control. | |2. Compared with nonsmokers, smokers experience: | |A) |higher rates of depression and higher rates of divorce. | |B) |lower rates of depression and lower rates of divorce. | |C) |lower rates of depression and higher rates of divorce. | |D) |higher rates of depression and lower rates of divorce. | |3. |People who are constantly dieting place themselves at ________ risk for depression and ________ risk for binge eating. |A) |increased; decreased | |B) |decreased; decreased | |C) |increased; increased | |D) |decreased; increased | |4. |If we are nervous about our personal appearance after adopting a new hairstyle, we are likely to ________ the extent to which | | |others notice our nervousness and we are likely to ________ the extent to which they notice our new hairstyle. |A) |underestimate; underestimate | |B) |overestimate; underestimate | |C) |underestimate; overestimate | |D) |ove restimate; overestimate | |5. Imitating another persons facial expression of emotion is most likely to facilitate: | |A) |parasympathetic nervous system activity. | |B) |the feel-good, do-good phenomenon. | |C) |an empathic response. | |D) |the catharsis of aggressive feelings. | |6. |Aerobic exercise is associated with: | |A) |increased levels of serotonin and increased levels of the endorphins. |B) |increased levels of serotonin and decreased levels of the endorphins. | |C) |decreased levels of serotonin and decreased levels of the endorphins. | |D) |decreased levels of serotonin and increased levels of the endorphins. | |7. |The defense mechanism in which selfjustifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is: | |A) |displacement. | |B) |rationalization. | |C) |projection. | |D) |reaction formation. | |8. |By dramatically reducing her daily caloric intake, Marilyn plans o reduce her normal body weight by 10 to 15 percent. Research | | |suggests that af ter three or four weeks of sustained dieting, Marilyn will: | |A) |experience a decrease in her feelings of hunger. | |B) |have a lower set point for body weight. | |C) |have a lower fat cell count. | |D) |have a lower resting metabolic rate. | |9. |Ader and Cohen observed that suppressed immune system functioning in rats was a(n) ________ to saccharin-sweetened water. |A) |conditioned response (CR) | |B) |unconditioned response (UR) | |C) |conditioned stimulus (CS) | |D) |unconditioned stimulus (US) | |10. |Luigi minimized the stress of testing positive for HIV by viewing this circumstance as an opportunity for a renewed religious | | |commitment and spiritual growth. His reaction best illustrates the importance of: | |A) |stress appraisal. | |B) |Biofeedback | |C) |spontaneous remission. | |D) |the Type A personality. | |11. |Stress is most likely to speed the progression from HIV to AIDS by: | |A) |slowing the shortening of telomeres. | |B) |increasing the release of glucocorticoids. | |C) |accelerating the enlargement of the thymus gland. | |D) |increasing the production of lymphocytes. | |12. Teens are more likely to experiment with tobacco if they: | |A) |are not concerned about how others perceive them. | |B) |see actors smoking in movies. | |C) |feel in control of their future. | |D) |engage in problem-focused coping. | |13. |Young teens are most likely to start smoking in order to: | |A) |reduce their mental alertness. | |B) |reduce their blood pressure. | |C) |trigger the release of lymphocytes. | |D) |gain social acceptance. | |14. When 2-year-old Matthew was told he would get no dessert until he finished the food on his plate, he threw his plate on the | | |floor in a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Matthew was unable to resist the demands of his: | |A) |ego. | |B) |Oedipus complex. | |C) |superego. | |D) |id. | |15. |Personality is fruitfully studied at multiple levels of analysis because people are best understood as: | |A) |demonstrating self-serving bias. | |B) |unconscious information processors. | |C) |possessing enduring traits. | |D) |biopsychosocial organisms. |16. |Logan is an unsuccessful businessman who feels little satisfaction with life. In order to increase his subjective well-being, | | |Logan should: | |A) |recall past moments when his life was much more pleasant than it is now. | |B) |imagine what his own life might be like if he became rich and famous. | |C) |imagine what his life might be like if he were suffering from a fatal disease. | |D) |compare himself with friends who became rich and successful. | |17. A psychologist would most likely use biofeedback to provide clients with information about their: | |A) |blood type. | |B) |genetic makeup. | |C) |cholesterol level. | |D) |muscle tension. | |18. |One study of migraine headache patients found that the majority of those who received â€Å"sham acupuncture† enjoyed relief. The | | |patients pain relief is most likely attributable to: | |A) |the placebo effect. | |B) |a decrease in lymphocyte production. | |C) |an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. |D) |problem-focused coping. | |19. |Humanistic psychologists would most likely be criticized for underestimating the value of: | |A) |the spotlight effect. | |B) |an internal locus of control. | |C) |self-serving bias. | |D) |social influence. | |20. |A psychotherapist suggests that Theresa can effectively reduce the anger she feels toward her ex-boyfriend by tearing pictures | | |of him into little pieces. This therapeutic technique is based on the: | |A) |James-Lange theory. |B) |catharsis hypothesis. | |C) |two-factor theory. | |D) |adap tation-level principle. | |21. |The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of ________ than does the James-Lange theory. | |A) |physiological arousal | |B) |Catharsis | |C) |subjective well-being | |D) |cognitive activity | 22. |Forgotten memories that we can easily recall were said by Freud to be: | |A) |preconscious. | |B) |unconscious. | |C) |displaced. | |D) |fixated. | |23. |When faced with an ever-increasing number of consumer product choices, people often experience the discomfort of: | |A) |the spotlight effect. | |B) |self-serving bias. | |C) |the false consensus effect. | |D) |information overload. | |24. Which of the following have been criticized the most for offering concepts that are vague and subjective? | |A) |terror-management theorists | |B) |social-cognitive theorists | |C) |trait theorists | |D) |humanistic theorists | 25. |For purposes of lie detection, investigators have most commonly made use of a(n): | |A) |electroencephalogr aph. | |B) |polygraph. | |C) |electrocardiograph. | |D) |myograph. | |26. |Karen Horney, a prominent neo-Freudian, disputed Freuds assumption that women: | |A) |suffer an Electra complex. | |B) |have stronger sexual instincts than men. | |C) |never experience a phallic stage of development. | |D) |have weak superegos. | |27. Maslow most clearly interjected his own personal values into his study of self-actualized individuals by: | |A) |interpreting their flattering self-descriptions as a self-serving bias. | |B) |using projective tests to assess their motives. | |C) |selectively studying people with qualities he admired. | |D) |overemphasizing the value of their loyalty to cultural norms. | |28. |A person who experiences defensive self-esteem is ________ to demonstrate self-serving bias and is ________ to feel angry when | | |criticized. |A) |likely; likely | |B) |unlikely; unlikely | |C) |unlikely; likely | |D) |likely; unlikely | |29. The results of early research on biofeedbac k were surprising because they indicated that people could learn to control bodily | | |functions regulated by the: | |A) |cerebellum. | |B) |frontal lobes. | |C) |autonomic nervous system. | |D) |lymph glands. | |30. |The text defines stress as: | |A) |physical, emotional, or mental exhaustion. |B) |the experience of conflicting motives that produce anxiety and tension. | |C) |the process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges. | |D) |the blocking of an attempt to reach some important goal. | |31. |Employees who have just been laid off are asked questions that encourage them to express hostility toward their employer. | | |Research suggests that this opportunity to vent anger will: | |A) |lead them to perceive their employers actions as unavoidable. |B) |rechannel their anger into constructive motivation. | |C) |increase their hostility. | |D) |calm their emotions and reduce their anger. | |32. |A therapist tells a patient who is afraid of elevato rs that his rapid breathing while on an elevator is not due to fear but is a| | |natural consequence of too little oxygen in a small, enclosed space. With this new interpretation of his arousal, the patient no| | |longer dreads elevators. The reduction in the patients fear is best understood in terms of the: | |A) |two-factor theory. |B) |catharsis hypothesis. | |C) |adaptation-level phenomenon. | |D) |James-Lange theory. | |33. |Research participants came to anticipate the movements of the numeral 6 on a computer screen even though they were unable to | | |identify the rule governing its movements. This best illustrates: | |A) |repression. | |B) |the self-reference phenomenon. | |C) |nonconscious learning. | |D) |the spot light effect. | |34. As people experience negative emotions: | |A) |the left prefrontal cortex becomes less electrically active. | |B) |the right prefrontal cortex becomes more electrically active. | |C) |the right prefrontal cortex becomes less electrically act ive. | |D) |the left prefrontal cortex becomes more electrically active. | |35. |Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor is known as: | |A) |problem-focused coping. |B) |emotion-focused coping. | |C) |the general adaptation syndrome. | |D) |biofeedback. | |36. |Which of the following Big Five trait dimensions is most closely related to ones level of creativity? | |A) |Conscientiousness | |B) |emotional stability | |C) |Extraversion | |D) |Openness | |37. Research suggests that monkeys reared in the wild fear snakes because they: | |A) |have a particularly strong nervous system reaction to snake bites. | |B) |have encountered snakes near dead monkeys. | |C) |have observed other monkeys fearful reactions to snakes. | |D) |are biologically predisposed to fear nearly all primitive forms of life. | |38. |People tend to ________ their daily caloric intake and ________ their daily physical activity. |A) |overestimate; overestimate | |B) |overestimate; underesti mate | |C) |underestimate; underestimate | |D) |underestimate; overestimate | |39. |People who become blind eventually experience ________ levels of day-to-day happiness. Those who become paralyzed eventually | | |experience ________ levels of day-to-day happiness. |A) |below-normal; above-normal | |B) |above-normal; above-normal | |C) |near-normal; near-normal | |D) |above-normal; below-normal | |40. |One night after he heard his parents arguing, 4-year-old Wei had a vivid dream in which he saved his mother from being bitten by| | |a large snake. A psychoanalyst would most likely suspect that Weis dream reflects a(n): | |A) |Oedipus complex. | |B) |selfserving bias. | |C) |oral fixation. | |D) |reaction formation. | |41. |Mary enjoys socializing with friends and talking with them on her cell phone. Eileen prefers quiet times by herself when she can| | |reflect on her own thoughts. The characteristics of Mary and Eileen indicate that each has a distinctive: | |A) |personality. | |B) |collective unconscious. | |C) |fixation. | |D) |attributional style. | 42. |Confiding ones fears and frustrations to supportive friends is likely to ________ lymphocyte levels and ________ cortisol | | |levels. | |A) |increase; decrease | |B) |increase; increase | |C) |decrease; increase | |D) |decrease; decrease | |43. B lymphocytes inhibit ________, whereas T lymphocytes inhibit ________. | |A) |the release of epinephrine; the release of cortisol | |B) |viruses; cancer cells | |C) |bacterial infections; viral infections | |D) |telomeres; glucoc orticoids | |44. |Professor Lindstrom emphasized that obesity often involves the interactive influence of high set points, low perceived control, | | |and the ready availability of calorie-laden junk food. The professors emphasis best illustrates: | |A) |a biopsychosocial approach. | |B) |an optimistic explanatory style. | |C) |biofeedback. | |D) |the general adaptation syndrome. | |45. |Research on stressful life events indicates that: | |A) |survivors of a natural disaster are immunized against stress and have fewer long-term health problems. | |B) |those who live a relatively peaceful, monastic life actually suffer a higher-than-average rate of heart attacks. |C) |those who have been recently widowed or divorced are more vulnerable to disease and death. | |D) |all of the above are true. | |46. |One way for people to improve their own subjective well-being is to: | |A) |participate in regular aerobic exercise. | |B) |overestimate how much they can accomplish. | |C) |focus more attention on themselves. | |D) |do all of the above. | |47. |People who are challenged by physical disabilities are likely to maintain normal levels of self-esteem by: | |A) accepting as much personal responsib ility for their problems as for their accomplishments. | |B) |displacing their feelings of resentment. | |C) |developing an external locus of control. | |D) |comparing themselves with others who are similarly disabled. | |48. |Research on selfperception indicates that most people: | |A) |view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others. | |B) |underestimate the accuracy of their beliefs and judgments. |C) |are unrealistically pessimistic about their personal future. | |D) |feel more personally responsible for their failures than for their successes. | |49. |Programs that successfully discourage young people from smoking are likely to train them how to: | |A) |refuse others persuasive appeals to smoke. | |B) |use nicotine gum to satisfy drug cravings. | |C) |increase their consumption of high-carbohydrate foods. | |D) |reduce stress by means of biofeedback. | |50. As you are waiting to be interviewed for a job, your heart rate, body temperature, and breathing rate begin to increase. These | | |physiological changes are produced by activation of the ________ nervous system. | |A) |Somatic | |B) |Central | |C) |Sympathetic | |D) |Parasympathetic | 51. |Surveys of subjective well-being in 82 countries indicate that the two countries with the highest levels of self-reported | | |happiness are: | |A) |Canada and the Netherlands. | |B) |Ireland and Switzerland. | |C) |The United States and Australia. | |D) |Puerto Rico and Mexico. | |52. |According to the two-factor theory, the two basic components of emotions are ________ and ________. |A) |cognitive labels; physical arousal | |B) |physical arousal; overt behavior | |C) |facial expressions; cognitive labels | |D) |emotion-arousing events; physical arousal | |53. |Activation of the sympathetic nervous system ________ respiration and ________ salivation. |A) |increases; decreases | |B) |decreases; decreases | |C) |decreases; increases | |D) |increases; increases | |54. |Larry studies diligently beca use he is haunted by an image of himself being unable to get a job after graduation. Larrys | | |diligence best illustrates the motivational impact of: | |A) |possible selves. | |B) |an internal locus of control. | |C) |the spotlight effect. | |D) |unconditioned positive regard. | |55. |Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates: | |A) |the spotlight effect. | |B) |self-serving bias. | |C) |the Barnum effect. | |D) |learned helplessness. |56. |Jed wants his roommate Dante to help him study for a physics test. Dante is most likely to want to help after he has: | |A) |heard that a friend was involved in an automobile accident. | |B) |been caught cheating on a math test. | |C) |received an â€Å"A† on his psychology test. | |D) |helped some friends repair a flat tire on their car. | |57. |In North America since the 1960s, the death rate due to coronary heart disease has ________, and the death rate due to | | |smoking-related cancer has _______. |A) |decreased; decreased | |B) |increased; decreased | |C) |decreased; increased | |D) |increased; increased | |58. |Who suggested that â€Å"we feel sorry because we cry . . afraid because we tremble†? | |A) |Walter Cannon | |B) |Stanley Schachter | |C) |Richard Lazarus | |D) |William James | |59. |Chiana and her husband both want to feel and express greater warmth and affection for each other. They would be advised to spend| | |time looking intently at one anothers: | |A) |lips. | |B) |hand gestures. | |C) |body postures. | |D) |eyes. | |60. |A hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels in times of emergency is: | |A) |epinephrine. | |B) |testosterone. | |C) |insulin. | |D) |acetylcholine. | |61. |Which of the following best explains why stress heightens vulnerability to bacterial and viral infections? |A) |Stress hormones facilitate the depositing of cholesterol and fat around the heart. | |B) |Stress hormones suppress the production of lymphocytes. | |C) |Stress hormones trigger the release of digestive acids. | |D) |Stress hormones accelerate the â€Å"hardening† of the arteries. | |62. |A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of: | |A) |extraversion. | |B) |openness. | |C) |conscientiousness. | |D) |emotional stability. | |63. Research has shown that neck-level spinal cord i njuries reduce the intensity of certain emotional experiences. This finding | | |supports the: | |A) |James-Lange theory. | |B) |catharsis hypothesis. | |C) |adaptation-level principle. | |D) |Cannon-Bard theory. | |64. |While Professor Gomez was going through a painful divorce, he tended to create unnecessarily difficult tests and gave his | | |students unusually low grades. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to view the professors treatment of students as an example | | |of: | |A) |regression. | |B) |projection. | |C) |reaction formation. | |D) |displacement. | |65. |According to Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among: | |A) |id, ego, and superego. | |B) |thoughts, emotions, and actions. | |C) |learned helplessness, locus of control, and optimism. |D) |behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events. | |66. |The stability of personality traits is best illustrated by the consistency of: | |A) |the self-reference phenomenon. | |B) |expressive styles. | |C) |unconditional positive regard. | |D) |the Barnum effect. | |67. |Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called: | |A) |the spotlight effect. |B) |external locus of control. | |C) |fixation. | |D) |self-serving bias. | |68. |Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are least likely to be highly: | |A) |self-accepting. | |B) |conforming. | |C) |compassionate. | |D) |religious. | |69. |As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class, Blairs heart started to pound and her palms began to sweat. | | |These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous ystem. | |A) |Central | |B) |Somatic | |C) |Parasympathetic | |D) |Sympathetic | |70. |According to the ________, you would be able to experience emotion even without sympathetic nervous system arousals. |A) |James-Lange theory | |B) |catharsis hypothesis | |C) |Cannon-Bard theory | |D) |two-factor theory | |71. |Research on obesity and weight control indicates that: | |A) |lean tissue is maintained by fewer calories than is fat tissue. |B) |overweight people typically suffer from a lack of willpower and self-discipline. | |C) |no matter how carefully people diet, they can never lose fat cells. | |D) |when an obese person has lost weight, a diet and exercise program are no longer necessary for maintaining the lower | | |weight. | |72. |Wild animals placed in zoos sometimes die shortly thereafter. These deaths are likely to result from a(n) ________ in the | | |animals production of ________. |A) |increase; androgens | |B) |decrease; cortisol | |C) |increase; serotonin | |i |decrease; lymphocytes | |73. |Which of the following is an example of biofeedback? | |A) |Jane decides to quit smoking after seeing a film linking cigarettes with cancer. | |B) |Kecia successfully quits smoking after her psychologist has her smoke so rapidly she cannot tolerate another cigarette. |C) |Milos learns to relax by being provided with information on changes in his heart rate. | |D) |Chico learns to lower his blood pressure by meditating twice a day. | |74. |The health risks associated with obesity are generally the greatest for those who carry their excess weight around their: | |A) |hips. | |B) |bellies. | |C) |thighs. | |D) |buttocks. | |75. |A general sense of happiness or life sat isfaction is most unrelated to whether people: | |A) |have a meaningful religious faith. |B) |have a happy marriage. | |C) |sleep well. | |D) |are well educated. | |76. |The two-factor theory of emotion would have difficulty explaining why a: | |A) |person automatically fears snakes even though he thinks they are attractive and harmless. | |B) |person comes to fear snakes after he sees someone else bitten by one. | |C) |persons fear of snakes is reduced after she learns that most snakes are harmless. | |D) |persons fear of snakes is reduced after she receives a calming tranquilizer. | |77. Kelly loves to boast about her accomplishments and becomes very upset when anyone criticizes her. Kelly most clearly | | |demonstrates: | |A) |the false consensus effect. | |B) |defensive self-esteem. | |C) |learned helplessness. | |D) |the spotlight effect. | |78. |Rannilt was euphoric after learning that she had been accepted by the medical school of her choice. After a few weeks, however, | | |she is only mildly excited when she thinks about her admission to medical school. This change in her feelings can best be | | |explained in terms of the: | |A) |adaptation-level phenomenon. | |B) |feel-good, do-good phenomenon. | |C) |catharsis hypothesis. | |D) |relative deprivation principle. | |79. |In rejecting claims that personality trait measures fail to predict behavior effectively, Seymour Epstein emphasized the | | |importance of: | |A) |factor analysis. |B) |projective tests. | |C) |reciprocal determinism. | |D) |multiple behavior assessments. | |80. |A psychophysiological illness is: | |A) |any psychological disorder that has a genetic component. | |B) |a disease of the central nervous system. | |C) |any physical illness that produces a psychological disorder. | |D) |a stress-related physical illness such as hypertension. | |81. The macrophage and lymphocytes are major agents of the: | |A) |limbic system. | |B) |parasympathetic nervous system. | |C) |immune system. | |D) |sympathetic nervous system. | |82. |Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol : | |A) |accelerate the buildup of plaques on artery walls. | |B) |decrease heart rate and blood pressure. | |C) |divert blood flow from muscle tissue to the bodys internal organs. |D) |are released by the thymus and lymph glands. | |83. |Because Greta is an extravert, she frequently goes to parties where she is encouraged to laugh and socialize with her friends. | | |Because Jim is an introvert, he frequently spends weekends in the library where its easy to quietly reflect and study. Greta | | |and Jim best illustrate what is meant by: | |A) |the Barnum effect. | |B) |the self-reference phenomenon. | |C) |an external locus of control. |D) |reciprocal determinism. | |84. |The feel-good, do-good phenomenon refers to the fact that when people feel happy they: | |A) |experience a more positive self-image. | |B) |report greater satisfaction with their whole lives. | |C) |make decisions more effectively. | |D) |are more willing to help others. | |85. |The subfield of psychology that pro vides psychologys contribution to the prevention and treatment of illness is known as: | |A) |behavioral psychology. | |B) |psychobiology. |C) |health psychology. | |D) |medical psychology. | |86. |Research on the nonverbal expression of emotion indicates that: | |A) |it is difficult to use nonverbal cues to mislead others about ones true emotions. | |B) |accurately identifying emotional facial expressions in people from different cultures requires personal experience with | | |those cultures. | |C) |the body movements and gestures used to express emotions are the same throughout the world. |D) |introverts are better than extraverts at recognizing nonverbal expressions of emotion in others. | |87. |Resisting the temptation to eat chocolate chip cookies led research participants to subsequently give up sooner than normal on | | |efforts to complete a tedious task. This illustrated that self-control weakens following: | |A) |unconditional positive regard. | |B) |the spotlight effect. | |C) |an exertion of energy. | |D) |the self-reference phenomenon. | |88. Scientists have isolated a gene that influences the amygdalas response to frightening situations. People with a short version | | |of this gene have high levels of ________ available to activate amygdala neurons. | |A) |Endorphins | |B) |Acetylcholine | |C) |Serotonin | |D) |Dopamine | |89. Researchers attempt to understand emotions using biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. The | | |psychological level of analysis is especially likely to emphasize the importance of: | |A) |evolutionary adaptiveness. | |B) |facial expressiveness. | |C) |arousal. | |D) |cognitive labeling. | |90. |The adaptationlevel phenomenon refers to the: | |A) |tendency for emotional release to reduce levels of physiological arousal. |B) |tendency for evolution to favor organisms that adapt best to the environment. | |C) |tendency for standards of judgment to be heavily influenced by previous experiences. | |D) |perception that one is worse off than those with whom one compares oneself. | |91. |People tend to describe their experienced emotions along the two dimensions of: | |A) |expressiveness and meaningfulness. | |B) |valence and arousal. | |C) |physical and social. | |D) |clarity and stability. | |92. The spillover effect is best explained in terms of the: | |A) |two-factor theory. | |B) |relative deprivation principle. | |C) |catharsis hypothesis. | |D) |adaptation-level principle. | |93. |Haleys parents bought her a used bicycle for her birthday. She was thrilled until she learned that her best friend received a | | |brand new bicycle on her birthday. Haleys declining satisfaction illustrates the: | |A) |facial feedback effect. |B) |catharsis hypothesis. | |C) |relative deprivation principle. | |D) |adaptation-level phenomenon. | |94. |Aging women who had experienced prolonged stress as caregivers for children with serious disorders experienced a premature | | |decrease in th e size of their: | |A) |lymphocytes. | |B) |adrenal glands. | |C) |frontal lobes. | |D) |telomeres. | |95. Freud suggested that orally fixated adults are especially likely to exhibit: | |A) |an inferiority complex. | |B) |an Electra complex. | |C) |the self-reference phenomenon. | |D) |passive dependence. | |96. |In the United States, Canada, and Britain, smoking has become rare among those who: | |A) |experience obesity. | |B) |are highly educated. | |C) |are recent immigrants. | |D) |have parents who smoke. | |97. Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be of pivotal importance to personality. | |A) |the collective unconscious | |B) |the sense of self | |C) |the superego | |D) |unconditional positive regard | |98. |Mrs. Sunstedt believes that parents should accept and try to understand their childrens feelings and should honestly disclose | | |their own inner feelings to their children. Her approach to parentchild interaction was most explicitly recommended by: | |A) |Jung. | |B) |Rogers. | |C) |Bandura. | |D) |Allport. | |99. |According to the Cannon-Bard theory, body arousal is related to the sympathetic nervous system in the same way that subjective | | |awareness of emotion is related to the: | |A) |parasympathetic nervous system. |B) |thalamus. | |C) |cortex. | |D) |hypothalamus. | |100. |Researchers have found that people experience cartoons as more amusing while holding a pen with their teeth than while holding | | |it with their lips. This finding best serves to support the: | |A) |James-Lange theory. | |B) |Cannon-Bard theory. | |C) |catharsis hypothesis. | |D) |adaptation-level principle. |